Objective  To build a clean and low-carbon new energy system that supports China's "Dual Carbon" strategic goals, and to explore deep application pathways for fuel cell technologies in transportation, industry, and other sectors.

Method  By analyzing the operational characteristics and applicable scenarios of mainstream technologies such as alkaline fuel cells (AFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), and by considering China's resource endowment, industrial base, and policy direction, technical route selection and industrialization strategies are proposed.

Result  PEMFC, with its low-temperature and high-efficiency characteristics, shows great potential in the new energy vehicle sector and is expected to achieve early commercialization in scenarios such as hydrogen-powered heavy-duty trucks and intercity logistics. SOFC does not require precious metal catalysts, offers lower material costs, and supports a wider range of fuels; it can achieve combined heat and power (CHP) efficiencies exceeding 80%, making it well-suited for distributed power generation. The integration of these two technologies is expected to enable a coordinated development pattern between mobile transportation and stationary power generation.

Conclusion  Given China's technological foundation and practical needs, fuel cell development should focus on PEMFC and SOFC as dual cores. By addressing key challenges such as the localization of low-platinum catalysts and fabrication of thin-film electrolytes, and by strengthening the SOFC-related industrial chain—including rare earths, specialty steels, and reforming catalysts—while linking with green hydrogen production and industrial decarbonization, a full-chain application system integrating "technology R&D and scenario demonstration" can be established. This will support the restructuring of the new energy system and enhance global competitiveness in the hydrogen energy sector.