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燃料电池电堆性能对比如表1所示。燃料电池汽车技术水平的优劣,目前最主要体现在其配套燃料电池动力系统的技术情况。当前中国燃料电池汽车配套的燃料电池动力系统主要采用质子交换膜燃料电池,其结构上由燃料电池电堆、氢气供应系统、空气供应系统、水热管理系统以及电控等模块组成。氢气和空气分别通过氢气供应系统、空气供应系统输入电堆,进行化学反应产生电,主要技术指标是体积比功率及寿命,近年来多项短板技术已逐步具备自主化能力。
表 1 燃料电池电堆性能对比
Table 1. Comparison of fuel cell stack performance
主要生产企业 最新产品 功率/kW 体积功率密度/
(kW·L−1)冷启动温度/℃ 寿命/ h 极板
类型巴拉德 FCgen®-HPS 140 4.3 −28 - 石墨板 丰田 Mirai Ⅱ 128 4.4 −30 30000 金属板 重塑能源 ELECTRA 93.53 4.4 −30 30000 石墨板 国鸿氢能 鸿芯GⅢ 200 4.5 −35 30000 石墨板 神力科技 SFC-B9P 150 4.0 −30 ≥15000 石墨板 潍柴动力 FCgen®-LCS 63.4 - −25 30000 石墨板 捷氢科技 PROME M4H 163 4.2 −30 >15000 金属板 未势能源 - 150 4.2 −30 ≥10000 金属板 氢晨科技 H2150F 150 3.5 −30 ≥10000 金属板 新源动力 HYMOD-150 130 4.5 −40 ≥10000 金属板 国氢科技 FC-ML150 150 4.0 −30 10000 金属板 明天氢能 - 150 >4.0 −30 >8000 金属板 清能股份 VLS III 250 4.7 −30 - 复合板 电堆方面,其主要由膜电极组件和双极板组成,国内目前已基本掌握其开发、生产及应用等技术,在单堆功率、体积功率密度及冷启动温度等方面突破较快,部分达到国际(巴拉德、丰田)领先水平,但耐久性仍待实际验证。
燃料电池双极板性能对比如表2所示。膜电极是电堆的核心部件,由催化层、质子交换膜、气体扩散层组成,是将化学能高效转变为电能的反应场所,其成本约占氢燃料电池系统的36%。目前国内商用催化剂为铂/碳,质子交换膜、碳纸(气体扩散层)主要依赖进口,共同导致膜电极的成本仍然较高。膜电极的发展趋势一方面需要在关键材料的性能和批量化上开展深入探索,进一步提高燃料电池产品性能和供应链安全;另一方面需要降低催化剂用量,使膜电极的材料成本降低。
表 2 燃料电池双极板性能对比
Table 2. Comparison of fuel cell bipolar plate performance
类型 主要生产企业 导电率/
(S·cm−1)抗弯强度/MPa 腐蚀电流/
(μA·cm−2)接触电阻/
(mΩ·cm−2)石墨
双极板美国POCO >100 >34 - - 巴拉德 - 50 - - 弘枫实业 >100 >50 - - 金属
双极板瑞典Cellimpact - - 0.5 - 德国Dana - - 0.5 - 新源动力 - - 0.5 - 佑戈金属 - - <1 3 治臻新能源 - - <1 5 复合
双极板新源动力 - - - - 武汉喜马拉雅 >62.5 >51 - - 双极板作为燃料电池电堆中支撑膜电极、分配反应气体以及导热导电的重要组件,成本占电堆总成本20%~40%。根据双极板的材料与制造方式的不同,双极板可以分为石墨双极板、金属双极板以及复合材料双极板,其中石墨和金属双极板应用相对较多,目前已基本实现国产化,耐久性和可靠性仍有待持续研究突破。
Development Status and Outlook of Hydrogen Powered Fuel Cell Vehicle Market in China
-
摘要:
目的 燃料电池汽车产业作为氢能发展的主要赛道之一,在交通领域脱碳转型过程中承担着关键角色。针对当前政策环境和产业基础,对中国燃料电池汽车市场发展趋势和挑战展开系统性分析具有必要性。 方法 文章聚焦市场规模、细分方向、装备及氢源价格等市场要素,对政策驱动下的燃料电池汽车市场发展情况进行介绍与分析。 结果 中国燃料电池汽车市场的推广应用效果与政策扶持力度、奖补细则明确程度和地方优势企业带动密切相关;市场已根据主机厂和燃料电池系统配套企业综合竞争力初显头部企业效应;整车和动力系统价格相较2021年下降5%~20%,但综合应用成本尚未达到市场化水平。 结论 尽管中国燃料电池汽车市场化进程仍掣肘于装备制造成本、氢源价格和基础设施配套等因素,但产业发展的决心坚定,将不断随着产品性能验证、基础设施建设、商业模式创新得以稳步发展,展现出更大活力。 Abstract:Introduction As one of the main tracks of hydrogen energy development, fuel cell vehicle industry plays a key role in the process of transportation decarbonization. In view of the current policy environment and industrial base, it is necessary to systematically analyze the development trend and challenges of China's fuel cell vehicle market. Method A comprehensive discussion of the fuel cell vehicle market focusing on the market factors such as market size, segmentation direction, equipment and hydrogen source price, etc. was provided in this paper. Result The promotion and application effect of China's fuel cell vehicle market is closely related to the strength of policy support, the clarity of the detailed rules of subsidies and the driving force of local advantageous enterprises. In terms of market distribution, it has shown a certain leader effect according to the comprehensive competitiveness of vehicle and fuel cell enterprises. The price of the vehicle and the fuel cell power system has decreased by 5%~20% compared to 2021, but it still costs a lot in application. Conclusion Although China's fuel cell vehicle marketization is still hampered by the high manufacturing cost and hydrogen price, and the lack of infrastructures, but the fuel cell vehicle industry will show great vitality after further developed in performance verification, infrastructure construction and business structure innovation. -
Key words:
- hydrogen energy /
- fuel cell vehicle /
- demonstration city cluster /
- market
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表 1 燃料电池电堆性能对比
Tab. 1. Comparison of fuel cell stack performance
主要生产企业 最新产品 功率/kW 体积功率密度/
(kW·L−1)冷启动温度/℃ 寿命/ h 极板
类型巴拉德 FCgen®-HPS 140 4.3 −28 - 石墨板 丰田 Mirai Ⅱ 128 4.4 −30 30000 金属板 重塑能源 ELECTRA 93.53 4.4 −30 30000 石墨板 国鸿氢能 鸿芯GⅢ 200 4.5 −35 30000 石墨板 神力科技 SFC-B9P 150 4.0 −30 ≥15000 石墨板 潍柴动力 FCgen®-LCS 63.4 - −25 30000 石墨板 捷氢科技 PROME M4H 163 4.2 −30 >15000 金属板 未势能源 - 150 4.2 −30 ≥10000 金属板 氢晨科技 H2150F 150 3.5 −30 ≥10000 金属板 新源动力 HYMOD-150 130 4.5 −40 ≥10000 金属板 国氢科技 FC-ML150 150 4.0 −30 10000 金属板 明天氢能 - 150 >4.0 −30 >8000 金属板 清能股份 VLS III 250 4.7 −30 - 复合板 表 2 燃料电池双极板性能对比
Tab. 2. Comparison of fuel cell bipolar plate performance
类型 主要生产企业 导电率/
(S·cm−1)抗弯强度/MPa 腐蚀电流/
(μA·cm−2)接触电阻/
(mΩ·cm−2)石墨
双极板美国POCO >100 >34 - - 巴拉德 - 50 - - 弘枫实业 >100 >50 - - 金属
双极板瑞典Cellimpact - - 0.5 - 德国Dana - - 0.5 - 新源动力 - - 0.5 - 佑戈金属 - - <1 3 治臻新能源 - - <1 5 复合
双极板新源动力 - - - - 武汉喜马拉雅 >62.5 >51 - - -
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