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自20世纪80年代中期以来,有衬砌岩石硐室(Lined Rock Cavern,LRC)概念在瑞典兴起,并于2002年建成了用于高压下天然气储存的LRC试验储气库。气库埋深115 m,洞室容积4万m3,最高内压在20~25 MPa之间。储气库形式为垂直的圆柱体,高52 m,直径36 m,顶部为半球形,底部为弧形,采用混凝土衬砌,人工爆破开挖,洞室周围岩体主要为片麻岩[13],如图1所示。与压缩空气储能电站储气库相比天然气储气库充放气频率较低。
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日本于2001年建成了上砂川盯压缩空气储能示范项目[14],输出功率为4 MW。储气库利用废弃的煤矿巷道,巷道直径6 m,长57 m,埋450 m,容积约1 600 m3,最大内压8 MPa,隧道内衬为0.7 m厚的混凝土。衬砌为分块式混凝土预制块,混凝土块之间设置接缝填充物,分块式混凝土层外侧为回填混凝土层,内衬由3层3 mm厚的丁基橡胶和尼龙加强网组成。此外,日本还在神冈进行了采用水幕密封无衬砌洞室的示范研究项目[15]。
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韩国在2011年建设了1个100 m深的CAES电站试验储气库,如图2所示,洞室围岩岩性主要为灰岩,储气库为圆柱形隧洞式,内径5 m,洞室运行期内压力范围为5~8 MPa,采用混凝土衬砌,两条洞室分别采用丁基橡胶板和300 mm厚钢板密封,该研究项目探寻了在相对较浅的深度采用混凝土内衬洞室的可能性[16]。
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美国也对硬岩洞室储气的可行性进行了较多的研究与尝试。于1981年启动了Soyland压气储能项目,拟利用硬岩洞室作为储气构造物。洞室位于埋深600 m的硬质白云岩中,洞室容积24.5万m3,由一系列平行隧洞组成,全长1 830 m,计划储存压力5.86 MPa。该项目最终因选址区岩性不合适及电力需求下降而取消。
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国内曾有机构开展了压缩空气储能电站相关的国家课题研究,拟于内蒙古自治区建设示范项目,地下洞室容积10万m3,最高内压10 MPa,但因经济性等原因尚未开展建设[17]。
为了验证浅埋地下储气库的可行性,国内某研究团队在平江抽水蓄能电站某条位于花岗岩地层的勘探平硐中建造了一座浅埋硬岩试验库。试验库埋深110 m,净空容积28.8 m3,在设计压力为10 MPa的条件下,进行了几次完整的压缩空气充放循环试验。研究了长期高压循环储气条件下围岩结构的安全性和密封材料的密封性能[18]。
我国目前已投入运行的CAES电站多采用盐穴储气库,尚无利用人工开挖地下洞室作为储气库的压缩空气储能电站投入运行。
各个项目人工地下洞室概况汇总如表1所示。
表 1 地下人工洞室项目概况
Table 1. Overview of the underground artificial cavern projects
项目名称 结构形式 密封层形式 埋深/m 最高内压/MPa 储气容积/m3 瑞典Skallen储气库 大罐式 钢板 115 25 400 000 日本CAES电站 隧洞式 丁基橡胶和尼龙加强网 450 8 1 600 韩国CAES电站 隧洞式 丁基橡胶/钢板 100 8 - 美国Soyland压气储能项目 隧洞式 - 600 5.86 245 000 平江试验库 隧洞式 玻璃钢/橡胶/钢板 110 10 28.8 -
针对地下人工洞室选址的问题目前国内业界学者已基本达成共识,即选择花岗岩、玄武岩、大理岩等岩石强度高、变形模量大的硬岩地层广泛分布的区域建设储气库对于结构安全性及工程经济性是有利的。在区域地质图中选择单轴饱和抗压强度Rc>60 MPa的坚硬岩区域作为人工洞室选址的主要目标区,在此基础上,地层构造简单、岩层厚度大且产状平缓、构造裂隙间距大、组数少的地区更优。岩溶发育、存在有害气体或有地热异常的地层分布的区域、存在区域性断裂带的地区、节理裂隙发育的地区是选址时应规避的不利因素,应考虑避开大型断裂带5 km以上,避开实测断层和性质不明的推测断层200 m以上[39],且拟建储气库区域地震烈度不宜大于8°。
此外,交通运输方便,整体地势平坦,地形坡角小于15°的区域更有利于洞室的布置及施工组织。储气库所在区域的水文地条件也应给予足够的重视,由于检修期间钢板衬砌的稳定性由外压控制,且地势平坦的地区地下水降排水问题较难解决,因此对于有衬砌内衬洞室,选择地下水相对贫乏的地区对结构安全性及项目经济性更有利。
另有学者提出了层次分析法,利用两两比较判断矩阵得到各个指标的权重值,形成了硬岩储气洞室选址综合评价体系[40]。地下人工洞室选址关键因素汇总如表2所示。
表 2 地下人工洞室选址关键因素汇总表
Table 2. Summary of key factors for the site selection of underground artificial caverns
关键因素 条件 岩性 花岗岩、玄武岩、大理岩等硬岩地层 围岩类别 Ⅰ、Ⅱ类 岩体单轴饱和抗压强度 >60 MPa 地震烈度 不宜超过8° 与断层的位置关系 距离200 m以上 与大型断裂带的位置关系 距离5 km以上 与地面厂址的位置关系 直线距离不宜超过2 km 地形坡角 <15° -
Zimmels等[25]使用FLAC软件对圆形断面隧洞式储气洞室在不同水平构造应力、不同内压(4~8 MPa)及不同洞室间距工况下围岩的塑性区进行了探讨,储气库系统由一系列相互平行的圆形断面隧洞组成,探究了保证合适的洞室间距的条件下采用圆形断面隧洞群作为人工地下储气库的可行性。
夏才初等[32, 34]采用Abaqus有限元软件对隧洞式和大罐式两种洞室形式及不同断面形式的隧洞式(包括马蹄形及圆形断面)储气库的围岩稳定性及密封性进行了研究,并从塑性区和洞周应变两个方面进行了对比分析,其中塑性区能较好地反映围岩受力的危险区域,洞周应变量是密封材料选择的基础数据。研究结果表明各洞型洞室在一定的支护措施下都具有可行性,从衬砌受力及洞周应变的角度比较,同样埋深条件下,圆形断面隧洞式洞室及大罐式洞室更优,且在所有模型中,大罐式洞室的最大洞周应变最小。对于圆形断面隧洞式洞室,同样埋深条件下,改变洞径对开挖及充气引起的围岩塑性区的范围影响不大,主要体现在对洞周应变的影响,洞径越大,最大洞周应变越大。
蒋中明等[36, 41]采用FLAC3D软件,结合二次开发的FISH累积损伤模型对斜墙式、直墙式、罐式截面等不同断面形式隧洞式储气库的围岩损伤特性进行了研究,斜墙式和直墙式顶拱均为圆弧,底部为平滑曲线,侧墙分别为斜式和直立式,罐式截面顶拱和底部均为圆弧,侧墙为直立式。研究结论表明罐式截面储气库围岩竖直方向的损伤深度以及损伤区内损伤程度大于斜墙式与直墙式,并在隧道式洞型选择上推荐了斜墙式洞型。
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Kim等[42]曾给出1个简单的抗抬破坏计算模型来探讨储气库的埋深(如图4所示)。他们假设岩体破坏路径是竖直延伸至地表的,且岩体服从线性Mohr-Coulomb准则,当总的上抬力超过洞室上覆岩体重量W与破坏面处抗剪力之和时,地面隆起发生。总上抬力由硐室内压P和地下水对储气库硐室及覆盖岩体的浮力Fb组成。破坏面上的抗剪力被认为是由黏聚力和摩擦角提供的阻力之和。在设计压气储能地下硐室时,总向下力与总向上抬升力之比应大于规定的安全系数。但其计算模型并没有充分考虑岩体的实际破坏路径的影响。
图 4 储气库上覆岩体抗隆起概念模型
Figure 4. Conceptual model of overlying rock mass resistance to uplift in gas storage
抗拔锚板由于其方便、实用和经济等特点被广泛应用于输电线路杆塔、电视通讯塔等高耸结构和其他承受上拔荷载作用的建筑结构中。匡根林等[43]尝试利用成熟的锚板抗拔承载力理论,对地下高压储气洞室岩石覆盖最小厚度的计算进行了初步的尝试和探讨(如图5所示)。其假定储气洞室上部围岩破坏形式为斜面破坏,破坏面与竖直面间的夹角为θ,但该理论仅考虑顶部岩石的重量是唯一抵抗地下压力洞室内部高压的作用力,没有考虑岩石沿着破裂面摩擦阻力,计算结果偏于保守。
徐英俊等[44-45]在考虑岩体服从Hoek-Brown强度准则的基础上,从极限分析的上限定理出发,推导了压气储能洞室在高气压作用下的隆起破坏曲线函数f(x),并给出了如图6所示的二维平面受力模型。推导过程综合考虑了岩体强度参数和破坏模式的影响。在已知破坏函数曲线f(x)表达式的基础上,可以求出按上限定理确定的极限内压pu,并认为洞室内的最大运行压力p不能超过洞室所能承受的极限内压pu,否则洞室有出现上抬破坏的风险。该准则全面考虑了岩体强度参数和破坏模式的影响,洞室的抗隆起稳定性安全系数计算结果更大,所需的最小岩体覆盖厚度也更小。
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早期的储气库密封层多采用钢板衬砌[46-47],近年来,随着CAES电站规模的不断增大,日本、韩国及国内的学者都在尝试用高分子材料或低渗透混凝土替代钢衬作为密封层。
日本CAES示范项目[48-49]报道的泄漏试验(关井试验)结果显示,尽管储气库布设在埋深450 m的硬质岩石中,并设置了合成橡胶密封层及混凝土衬砌,仍观察到一些空气损失,每日泄漏量达0.2%。
韩国学者[21]采用TOUGH-FLAC模拟器对CAES洞室进行了热力和地质力学耦合数值模拟,对采用低渗透混凝土代替钢衬和有机材料密封的可行性进行了探究,研究结果显示仅采用低渗透混凝土作为密封层而不设置钢板或有机材料密封层时,储气库每日空气泄露约为0.03%,基本可以忽略不计。
国内学者[50-51]提出了压气储能内衬洞室的多场耦合控制方程,用德国Huntorf电站和日本北海道洞室的已有现场实测数据对方程进行了验证。并对丁基橡胶(IIR)、三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)、天然橡胶(NR)和玻璃钢(FRP)等4种高分子材料的气密性与力学特性进行了计算分析,结果表明,在典型运营工况下,4种高分子材料均可以满足压气储能洞室的气密性和力学特性要求,其中丁基橡胶和玻璃钢推荐作为可优先选择的密封层材料。
Research Status and Prospect of Underground Artificial Rock Caverns for Compressed Air Energy Storage
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摘要:
目的 压缩空气储能(Compressed Air Energy Storage,CAES)是1种可大规模储存电力能源的技术,其规模仅次于抽水蓄能,储气装置是其重要的组成部分。国内外已投入商业运行的压气储能电站的储气装置多为盐穴、废弃矿坑等天然地质构造,大规模长时压缩空气储能有赖于更具经济性及广泛适用性的储气装置。 方法 人工地下洞室储气库较大程度上摆脱了压缩空气储能电站对于特殊地质条件的依赖,成为大规模建设长时压气储能电站的有力支撑,但国内外相关研究成果较少,摸清国内外研究现状,总结其他行业先进经验,理清该领域亟待突破的难题,对于大规模建设压气储能电站具有重要意义。 结果 压气储能电站地下人工洞室与天然气储气库及水电输水隧洞等常规人工洞室运行特点有较大不同,目前对于该领域尚缺乏成熟的设计方法与规程规范,有诸多关键技术仍有待解决,文章对压气储能电站地下人工洞室的特点及重点研究内容进行了梳理。 结论 创新是自主建设压缩空气储能电站地下硬岩储气库的唯一出路,在安全的大前提下兼顾经济性并突破,该技术对丰富我国储能发电技术,完善新型电力系统具有重大的现实意义,若该技术发展成熟,可为我国新型电力系统的构建提供强大的保障。 Abstract:Introduction Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a technology for storing electrical energy on a large scale, only second to pumped storage in terms of scale. The gas storage device is an important component of CAES. The gas storage facilities of compressed air energy storage power plants that have been put into commercial operation domestically and abroad are mostly natural geological structures such as salt caverns and abandoned mines. Large-scale, long-term compressed air energy storage requires more economical and widely applicable gas storage facilities. Method Artificial underground cavern gas storage facilities largely freed compressed air energy storage power plants from the reliance on specific geological conditions, becoming a strong support for the large-scale construction of long-term compressed air energy storage power plants. However, there were few research achievements in this field domestically and internationally. Understanding the research status at home and abroad, summarizing advanced experiences from other industries, and clarifying the challenges that need to be addressed urgently in this field had significant implications for the large-scale construction of compressed air energy storage power plants. Result There are significant differences in the operating characteristics between artificial underground caverns in compressed air energy storage power plants and conventional artificial caverns such as natural gas storage facilities and hydroelectric water conveyance tunnels, and there is a lack of mature design methods and regulations for this field, with many technological challenges still awaiting resolution. This paper reviews the characteristics and key research contents of underground artificial caverns in compressed air energy storage power plants. Conclusion Prioritizing safety, considering cost-effectiveness and fostering innovation provide a guarantee for the independent development of the underground hard rock gas storage facilities for compressed air energy storage power plants. This technology holds practical significance in enriching China's energy storage and power generation experiences, and improving new power systems. If this technology matures, it can provide strong support for the construction of a new power system in China. -
表 1 地下人工洞室项目概况
Tab. 1. Overview of the underground artificial cavern projects
项目名称 结构形式 密封层形式 埋深/m 最高内压/MPa 储气容积/m3 瑞典Skallen储气库 大罐式 钢板 115 25 400 000 日本CAES电站 隧洞式 丁基橡胶和尼龙加强网 450 8 1 600 韩国CAES电站 隧洞式 丁基橡胶/钢板 100 8 - 美国Soyland压气储能项目 隧洞式 - 600 5.86 245 000 平江试验库 隧洞式 玻璃钢/橡胶/钢板 110 10 28.8 表 2 地下人工洞室选址关键因素汇总表
Tab. 2. Summary of key factors for the site selection of underground artificial caverns
关键因素 条件 岩性 花岗岩、玄武岩、大理岩等硬岩地层 围岩类别 Ⅰ、Ⅱ类 岩体单轴饱和抗压强度 >60 MPa 地震烈度 不宜超过8° 与断层的位置关系 距离200 m以上 与大型断裂带的位置关系 距离5 km以上 与地面厂址的位置关系 直线距离不宜超过2 km 地形坡角 <15° -
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