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摘要:目的 旨在探讨面向碳中和背景下直接空气捕碳（Direct Air Capture，DAC）技术的发展现状、应用案例及其经济性评估，以期为我国实现碳减排目标提供参考。方法 文章综述了DAC技术的工作原理、类型、运用案例，并分析了其在国内外的发展情况。通过比较不同研究中的成本数据，评估了DAC技术的经济性，并讨论了当前面临的挑战与可能的解决措施。结果 研究发现，DAC技术能有效从空气中捕集CO2，具有布置灵活、可与可再生能源结合等优点。但其商业化应用仍受到高成本、高能耗和大规模部署的技术挑战的限制。国内外的案例分析揭示DAC技术在实际应用中的效率和成本问题亟待解决，同时也显示了通过技术改进和政策支持可能实现的优化潜力。结论 尽管存在挑战，DAC技术仍是实现碳中和目标的潜在储备技术，尤其对中国等面临严峻碳减排压力的国家具有重要意义。需要集中研究力量开发更高效、低成本的吸收/吸附剂，改进系统设计，降低能源消耗，并积极探索与可再生能源的结合使用。政府的政策支持和社会的广泛认可也是实现DAC技术商业化的关键因素。通过这些措施可以推动DAC技术的发展和应用，助力实现碳减排和环境保护的双重目标。Abstract:Introduction This paper aims to explore the development status, application cases, and economic evaluation of direct air capture (DAC) technology in the context of carbon neutrality, thus providing references for achieving carbon emission reduction targets in China.Method This paper reviewed the working principles, types, and application cases of DAC technology and analyzed its development status both at home and abroad. By comparing cost data from different studies, it assessed the economy of DAC technology and discussed current challenges and potential solutions.Result The study finds that DAC technology effectively captures CO2 from the air and offers advantages such as flexibility in deployment and compatibility with renewable energy. However, its commercialization is still constrained by high costs, high energy consumption, and technical challenges related to large-scale deployment. Case analysis at home and abroad reveal the urgent need to address the efficiency and cost issues in practical applications, while also showing potential for optimization through technological improvements and policy support.Conclusion Despite the existing challenges, DAC technology remains a potential reserve technology for achieving carbon neutrality goals, especially for countries facing severe carbon reduction pressures like China. Research efforts should focus on developing more efficient and low-cost absorbents and adsorbents, improving system design, reducing energy consumption, and exploring combination with renewable energy sources. Government policy support and broad social acceptance are also key factors for the commercialization of DAC technology. These measures can drive the development and application of DAC technology, contributing to both carbon emission reduction and environmental protection goals.
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图 6 Climeworks空气中直接捕集CO2示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of Climeworks direct air capture of CO2
表 2 DAC技术对比
Table 2 Comparison DAC technologies
分类 原理 优点 缺点 技术发展建议方向 液体DAC
技术CO2与碱性氢氧化物反应生成碳酸盐 技术成熟、吸收速率高、溶剂损失少 设备和运营成本较高， 能耗和维护难度大 研究可以充分发挥捕集材料性能的空气接触器 固体DAC
技术低温下固体吸附剂捕获CO2 吸附效率较高、再生稳定性较好、技术成熟、吸附速率快、再生温度低 成本较高， 长期稳定性差， 吸附剂的回收和再生过程复杂 多种载体或有效成分的复合研究 变湿吸附
工艺变湿吸附剂在湿度发生变化时对CO2吸脱附 吸脱附动力学速率快，再生能耗低 捕获后CO2浓度较低，水分消耗大 开发出安全、可规模化量产的整体型功能化材料 
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表 3 DAC技术成本比较
Table 3 Cost comparison of DAC technologies
研究 方法/技术 成本范围/ [$·(t CO2)−1] 说明 美国物理学会 2011年报告[45] KOH吸收 不低于705 采用KOH吸收的空气捕集成本评估 Keith等[32] KOH 溶液吸收 97～238 基于中试数据的KOH溶液吸收成本测算 Kulkarni等[47] 蒸汽辅助再生 TVSA流程 ～ 108 采用天然气与低品位热实现的蒸汽辅助再生 Sinha等[48] 胺基MOFs
吸附剂63～200 投资成本波动大，受MOFs材料生产成本影响 Climeworks 公司[46] 商业示范装置 300～600 根据600 ～900 t CO2/a规模示范装置的成本报告 Lackner等[12] 变湿吸附 50～100 实验室研究的技术成本预测
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