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欧洲氢能产业发展较早,并将氢能视为实现低碳发展的抓手之一[22-23]。欧盟致力于探索氢能的综合应用,构建规模化绿氢供应体系,以实现脱碳为主。2018年欧盟通过《欧盟2050长期战略愿景》,表示为发展绿色经济,将快速大规模部署绿氢,并提出到2050年将提升氢能在能源结构中的占比达到13%[24]。《欧洲绿色协议》中明确将发展氢能作为关键有限事项,并指出欧盟将加强国际合作,通过外交途径有力倡导氢能发展。
通过出台完整的战略路线图和战略规划,欧盟明确氢能在实现绿色经济中的重要地位,并出台多项政策支持[25-26]。2020年,欧盟推出氢能战略,明确将氢能作为未来发展的重点,并成立清洁氢能联盟,以期通过大力支持氢能发展,重振气候治理领导力和实现经济绿色复苏。随后,提出能源气候一揽子计划,要求进一步提升氢能应用。2022年,欧盟委员会和欧洲氢能贸易协会组成“清洁氢伙伴关系”,为氢能提供3亿欧元,支持清洁氢生产、储存和分配等环节,并推动氢能在航空、重型运输等典型难减排行业中的应用,推广目标如表1所示。2022年,欧盟通过“地平线欧洲”向“清洁氢能联合行动计划”投资10亿欧元,支持氢能示范项目。
表 1 欧盟交通领域与供热供电氢能发展目标
Table 1. EU transportation field and development goal of hydrogen energy for heating and power supply
领域 分类项 2020年 2030年 交通 燃料电动汽车 1200辆 370万辆 燃料电池商务车 不足300辆 50万辆 燃料电池卡车及燃料电池公交车 2辆重卡,
50辆公交车4.5万辆 燃料电池列车 2辆 570辆 供热 - 处于示范阶段 替代7%的天然气供热;到2040年比例达到32% 供电 - 完成3000台燃料电池共生系统 到2040年,规模超250万台 注:数据来源为《全球能源发展报告 2020》及公开资料整理。 随着俄乌冲突、新冠疫情等事件的爆发,欧盟更加重视能源安全,并将氢能视为能源安全的关键保障。一方面,氢能能量密度高,储运灵活,可以减少能源的进口;另一方面,氢能的发展还可以帮助欧盟抵抗能源价格波动的风险。氢能可通过可再生电力电解水获得,且随着技术进步,绿氢的生产成本逐年降低,预计到2025年,绿氢成本可再降低30%。
制定清洁能源标准是欧盟提升国际话语权的重要手段。早在1998年,欧盟启动联合氢能项目一期,内容包括在制氢、储氢、输氢、基础设施、安全等标准,增强成员国之间氢能标准化协助。此外,一方面,通过多边和双边氢能协议,界定氢能生产的总碳排放量,制定氢能可持续标准;另一方面,强化技术优势、与周边国家跨境贸易等,强化在氢能市场中欧元的地位。
德国是较早实现氢能应用的国家,为满足严格的国际尾气排放标准,先后投资14亿欧元支持氢能项目开发。德国将氢能视为能源安全和能源低碳转型的关键,与可再生能源协同发展,加快氢能产业链布局,明确氢能在工业、建筑、重型运输等领域实现脱碳的重要地位。2020年,发布《国家氢能战略》,确定绿氢的战略地位,加速绿氢技术研发,并通过《未来计划》,计划追加90亿欧元,支持国内氢能技术转化、推广及培育氢能国际伙伴关系。
Hydrogen Energy Development Strategy of America and Europe and Its Enlightenment to China
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摘要:
目的 氢能具备来源广泛、储运便利、利用高效等特征,在构建新型能源体系中发挥重要作用。文章通过系统性分析美国与欧盟的氢能产业发展战略,结合我国产业发展实际,给出我国氢能产业发展的具体政策建议。 方法 通过梳理和分析美欧两大经济体发展氢能的相关政策、战略规划和典型做法,总结其氢能产业发展的成功经验。 结论 基于我国氢能产业发展现状,围绕当前我国氢能产业发展存在的问题与挑战,针对性提出加强顶层设计,进一步完善氢能产业发展政策体系;强化科技创新引领,重视氢能关键环节核心技术创新突破;拓展氢能多元化应用,打造协同大生态;重视国际合作,积极参与国际规则和标准制定等多项政策建议。 结论 文章提及的相关政策建议可为相关部门和行业人员提供一定的参考,以期进一步提升我国氢能产业发展质量和速度。 Abstract:Introduction Hydrogen energy plays an important role in the construction of a new energy system due to its extensive sources, convenient storage and transportation, and efficient utilization. This paper systematically analyzes the development strategies of the hydrogen energy industry in the United States and European Union, and combines with the actual development of Chinese industry, and gives specific policy suggestions for the development of the hydrogen energy industry. Method The successful experience of hydrogen industry development in the United States and Europe was summarized by combing and analyzing the relevant policies, strategic planning and typical practices of hydrogen energy development in the two major economies. Result Based on the current development status of the hydrogen energy industry in our country, this paper puts forward a number of targeted policy recommendations, including strengthening the top-level design to further improve the hydrogen energy industry development policy system; strengthening the guidance of scientific and technological innovation, and attaching importance to the innovation and breakthrough of core technologies in key links of hydrogen energy; expanding the diversified application of hydrogen energy and building a collaborative ecology; attaching importance to international cooperation and taking an active part in the formulation of international rules and standards. Conclusion The policy recommendations mentioned in the article can provide reference for relevant departments and industries, so as to further improve the development quality and speed of the hydrogen energy industry. -
Key words:
- hydrogen energy /
- industrial policy /
- the United States /
- the European Union /
- typical practice /
- enlightenment
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表 1 欧盟交通领域与供热供电氢能发展目标
Tab. 1. EU transportation field and development goal of hydrogen energy for heating and power supply
领域 分类项 2020年 2030年 交通 燃料电动汽车 1200辆 370万辆 燃料电池商务车 不足300辆 50万辆 燃料电池卡车及燃料电池公交车 2辆重卡,
50辆公交车4.5万辆 燃料电池列车 2辆 570辆 供热 - 处于示范阶段 替代7%的天然气供热;到2040年比例达到32% 供电 - 完成3000台燃料电池共生系统 到2040年,规模超250万台 注:数据来源为《全球能源发展报告 2020》及公开资料整理。 -
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