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LI Wenhua,CHEN Peilin,CHENG Guohui,et al.Discussion on the Modification by China-Manufacturer of Imported Boiler Tertiary Superheater[J].Southern Energy Construction,2022,09(增刊1):63-68. doi:  10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2022.S1.010
Citation: LI Wenhua,CHEN Peilin,CHENG Guohui,et al.Discussion on the Modification by China-Manufacturer of Imported Boiler Tertiary Superheater[J].Southern Energy Construction,2022,09(增刊1):63-68. doi:  10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2022.S1.010

Discussion on the Modification by China-Manufacturer of Imported Boiler Tertiary Superheater

doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2022.S1.010
  • Received Date: 2022-02-15
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-03-08
  • Publish Date: 2022-05-31
  •   Introduction  The imported boiler tertiary superheater of Zhuhai power station which was designed and manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has occurred tube failures frequently in recent years, the types were typical long-term overheating failures, the metallographic spheroidization were occurred and mechanical properties were declined, indicating that the furnace tube was in a long-term high temperature operation state.  Method  To find out the reasons of long-term overheating and to propose solutions, the thickness of oxide of tertiary superheater tubes was tested, the flow deviation and heat absorption deviation of tertiary superheater were studied.  Result  The residual creep life of 59% T91 tubes were less than fifty thousand hours, 39% T91 tubes were less than ten thousand hours, the residual creep life of 25% T23 tubes were less than fifty thousand hours, 9% T23 tubes were less than ten thousands hours. The flow deviation of the superheater header was 10.6%, the heat deviation of the tubes temperature in the width direction was 60 ℃. The problem couldn't be solved by replacing the new pipe section, the overall design Modification was required.  Conclusion  According to the above researches, the modification design by China-manufacturer was proposed. After the modification the flow deviation of the superheater header was reduced to 2.24% and the heat deviation of the tubes temperature in the width direction was reduced to 40 ℃. In addition, considering the working environment of the tertiary superheater, properties of the tube materials had been upgraded, the types of the material were reduced from 5 to 4, and the specification were reduced from 23 to 12, the procurement and maintenance costs were reduced.
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Discussion on the Modification by China-Manufacturer of Imported Boiler Tertiary Superheater

doi: 10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2022.S1.010

Abstract:   Introduction  The imported boiler tertiary superheater of Zhuhai power station which was designed and manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has occurred tube failures frequently in recent years, the types were typical long-term overheating failures, the metallographic spheroidization were occurred and mechanical properties were declined, indicating that the furnace tube was in a long-term high temperature operation state.  Method  To find out the reasons of long-term overheating and to propose solutions, the thickness of oxide of tertiary superheater tubes was tested, the flow deviation and heat absorption deviation of tertiary superheater were studied.  Result  The residual creep life of 59% T91 tubes were less than fifty thousand hours, 39% T91 tubes were less than ten thousand hours, the residual creep life of 25% T23 tubes were less than fifty thousand hours, 9% T23 tubes were less than ten thousands hours. The flow deviation of the superheater header was 10.6%, the heat deviation of the tubes temperature in the width direction was 60 ℃. The problem couldn't be solved by replacing the new pipe section, the overall design Modification was required.  Conclusion  According to the above researches, the modification design by China-manufacturer was proposed. After the modification the flow deviation of the superheater header was reduced to 2.24% and the heat deviation of the tubes temperature in the width direction was reduced to 40 ℃. In addition, considering the working environment of the tertiary superheater, properties of the tube materials had been upgraded, the types of the material were reduced from 5 to 4, and the specification were reduced from 23 to 12, the procurement and maintenance costs were reduced.

LI Wenhua,CHEN Peilin,CHENG Guohui,et al.Discussion on the Modification by China-Manufacturer of Imported Boiler Tertiary Superheater[J].Southern Energy Construction,2022,09(增刊1):63-68. doi:  10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2022.S1.010
Citation: LI Wenhua,CHEN Peilin,CHENG Guohui,et al.Discussion on the Modification by China-Manufacturer of Imported Boiler Tertiary Superheater[J].Southern Energy Construction,2022,09(增刊1):63-68. doi:  10.16516/j.gedi.issn2095-8676.2022.S1.010
  • 珠海电厂1号锅炉是由日本三菱重工业有限公司设计并制造的亚临界、强制循环、一次中间再热的室燃煤粉炉,其燃烧方式为四角切圆,已运行超过二十年。1号锅炉三级过热器材质有T12、T22、T23、T91及TP347HFG五种,近几年1号锅炉三级过热器爆管较为频繁,三级过热器爆管主要集中在管屏水平段、出口段,爆管类型为长时过热,即超温幅度较高的蠕变爆管。锅炉耐热钢长期在高温运行时不可避免地出现高温氧化问题,目前国内外对火电厂受热面管的高温氧化行为有较多研究,对氧化皮形成机制、动力学均有清晰理论1-3,对其寿命评估也有成熟方法4-5

    四角切圆燃烧锅炉虽然具有流动混合性能好、燃烧稳定以及煤种适应性好等优点,但烟气在炉膛内螺旋上升导致在出口处存在残余旋转,残余旋转会使得炉膛宽度方向上出现吸热不均匀,处在炉膛出口处的三级过热器会出现宽度方向上的热偏差,随着机组负荷的增加,热量偏差程度将会加剧6。对于四角切圆燃烧锅炉,高温烟气进入水平烟道后,右侧区域烟气流速大于左侧区域烟气流速,右侧烟温将会高于左侧7,所以为防止高温受热面发生超温爆管等问题,在其设计阶段应对结构设计、材质选型等在沿炉膛宽度方向左、右侧温差情况予以考虑8

    此外受热面结焦或积灰、火焰在炉内充满程度或火焰中心偏斜等现象都可能造成吸热不均。引起热偏差的主要因素除了吸热不均,还有流量不均,造成流量不均的一个重要因素是“集箱效应”:集箱内工质的流动情况对流量分配有很大的影响,会导致集箱内部混合分配能力不足、传热不稳定、应力分布不均匀,更严重的会导致受热面爆管频发9-12。Kreid等研究了集箱三通涡流区对流量分配的影响13-14,曲新鹤等对集箱内的压力变化进行研究,提出了优化流量分配的方法15

    本文针对进口锅炉超过二十年服役过程中出现的问题进行分析,讨论了吸热不均和流量不均对三级过热器热偏差的影响,并提出合理化国产改造方案,对同厂其他受热面和其他国内类似进口锅炉的国产化改造具有重大借鉴意义。

  • 珠海电厂1号锅炉三级过热器是半辐射式过热器,已运行超过13 × 104 h,整体热负荷偏高,烟温高,爆管易出现的位置主要集中在管屏水平段和靠近顶棚(靠近出口集箱)位置处。在水平段接触烟气温度最高,热流密度大,管壁容易出现超温;出口位置处工质温度最高,同样容易产生壁温过高的问题。近几年还参与深度调峰,三级过热器管屏运行过程中易出现短时超温运行,最高可达620 ℃。

    2018年4月,对1号炉三级过热器受热面材质为T22、T23和T91的管子进行了内壁氧化层厚度现场检测,三级过热器有大量管段氧化皮厚度超过0.5 mm,详见表1

    测点材质氧化层厚度分布统计(根数/占比)
    0.1~0.4 mm0.4~0.5 mm0.5~0.6 mm≥0.6 mm
    T91330/53.7%157/25.6%99/16.1%29/4.6%
    T23299/60.7%124/25.2%61/12.4%8/1.7%
    T22516/78.6%115/17.5%20/3.0%5/0.9%

    Table 1.  Distribution statistics of oxide thickness of T22、T23、T91 tubes

    应用拉森-米勒公式及力发电厂蒸汽管道寿命评估技术导则对上述三种材质进行蠕变剩余寿命评估5,评估结果表明:三级过热器出口段管子有大量管段蠕变剩余寿命不足5 × 104 h,其中部分管段已不足1 × 104 h,见表2

    测点材质剩余蠕变寿命统计(占比)/%
    ≤1 × 104 h(1~3) × 104 h(3~5) × 104 h≥5 × 104 h
    T9139101041
    T2398875
    T2200.30.499.3

    Table 2.  Distribution statistics of residual creep life of T22、T23、T91 tubes

    上述结果表明三级过热器管屏中的部分管段T22、T23、T91材质经长期运行性能劣化较严重,蠕变剩余寿命远小于其他管段,原始设计选材不合理,对于采用四角切圆燃烧方式的锅炉,残余旋转引起的沿炉膛宽度方向热负荷分布不均匀性,易引发超温爆管,需对三级过热器受热面进行整体改造,对受热面材质选型和材质种类优化配置。

  • 由于分配集箱和汇集集箱中工质的静压沿集箱轴向不断变化,当并联管与两个集箱连接后,各管进、出口的压差也随之变化,各管的流动动力不相同,从而影响各并联管的流量分配。造成流量偏差的一个重要因素是集箱效应,主要体现在集箱的引入方式和集箱尺寸上。本文主要对集箱效应引起的流量偏差进行计算,评估集箱对流量偏差的改善效果。

    本文采用上海锅炉厂内部联箱设计的计算方法,首先分别引入参数:稳定性因子S、射流因子F,最后引入流量偏差U

    S=1.85[vovi+1]/[vovi+3] ((1))
    F=0.748DoDt0.3C-0.15 ((2))

    式中:

    Do——出口集箱内径(inch);

    Dt——出口集箱管接头内径(inch);

    vi——进口集箱蒸汽比容(ft3/lb);

    vo——出口集箱蒸汽比容(ft3/lb);

    C——集箱周向管子根数,值为8。

    流量偏差由下式计算得到:

    U=18SVHiΔP[2.3FVHoVHi-1] ((3))

    式中:

    ΔP——过热器阻力(psi);

    VHi——进口集箱蒸汽动压(psi);

    VHo——出口集箱蒸汽动压(psi)。

    三菱锅炉三级过热器集箱流量偏差计算结果如表3所示,流量偏差达到10.09%,并联管之间流量偏差较大。

    项目符号改造前改造后单 位
    进口蒸汽比容vi0.236 370.235 80ft3/lb
    出口蒸汽比容vo0.290 530.290 53ft3/lb
    出口集箱内径Do11.10214.882inch
    出口集箱管接头内径Dt1.1260.984inch
    管子周向排数C88
    射流因子F1.0881.237
    进口集箱蒸汽动压VHi9.874.34psi
    出口集箱蒸汽动压VHo8.542.65psi
    三级过热器阻力ΔP2025psi
    流量偏差U10.092.24%

    Table 3.  Flow deviation of the header before and after the modification

  • 沿炉膛宽度热负荷分布不均匀性是产生热偏差的主要原因之一,锅炉烟气的温度场和速度场以及燃烧产物浓度场分布不均匀是形成热力不均匀的主要原因。受火焰中心位置的影响,沿宽度的热力不均匀可达30%~40%。一般来说,位于炉膛出口的受热面沿宽度的热力不均匀可达20%~30%,烟温偏差可达200~300 ℃,过热器个别管圈的汽温偏差可达50~100 ℃。如果火焰形状和充满度不好,火焰中心偏斜,局部地区发生煤粉再燃烧,部分燃烧器停运或各个燃烧器负荷不一致,以及部分受热面上结渣等也会导致严重的热量不均匀。若炉膛出口烟气存在残余旋转,同样会引起沿宽度方向两侧热负荷差别很大。

    珠海电厂锅炉设计燃烧煤种为易结焦煤种,为适应此煤种珠海电厂锅炉炉膛截面积比其他相同容量机组的大;但实际燃烧煤种灰分少,不易结焦,导致水冷壁吸热增加、高温受热面吸热则减少,三级过热器出口温度达不到设计值,锅炉经济性下降,为提高过热器出口温度,需将燃烧器摆角上调,进一步加大了炉膛出口烟气旋转力度,沿宽度方向两侧热负荷差别变大。

    珠海电厂锅炉燃烧煤种与设计煤种不一致导致三级过热器管屏两侧壁温高中间管屏壁温低,最大温差达到90 ℃;为降低沿宽度方向的热量偏差,厂家通过在中间管屏加装节流孔(孔径12.4~15.2 mm)限制流量,使两侧流量增加,两侧管屏壁温与中间管屏壁温温差有所降低(下降约30 ℃),但最大温差仍达到64 ℃,见图1

    Figure 1.  The average metal temperature distribution curve of the tertiary superheater tubes

  • 珠海电厂1号锅炉三级过热器的流量偏差较大(10.6%),流量偏差大就会使不同屏之间的壁温差异变大,在满足出口蒸汽温度的要求时,某些管屏出现超温,导致爆管频繁。鉴于以上结果,改造的主要措施:降低流量偏差和适当提高受热面的材料等级。受热面管组的总阻力值受限于蒸汽流量及总并联管数,且并联管数量直接影响受热面面积,影响过热蒸汽温度,涉及整体热力性能及参数要求,如果减少并联管数量来提高管内工质流速,相当于减少了三级过热器的受热面面积,势必需通过增加其它受热面来解决汽温问题,改造范围更大。因此,基于锅炉整体热力性能参数保持不变的原则,优化进、出口集箱的尺寸和适当提高受热面的材料等级,不对管屏数量、管屏高度、管子根数进行更改,是本次改造的基本原则。在充分考虑三级受热面所处工作环境的基础上,为提高其内表面的抗氧化特性和许用应力,拟对三级受热面部分管段进行材料升级。本改造方案中,三级受热面的材料由5种(T12、T22、T23、T91、TP347HFG)减少到4种(12Cr1MoVG、T91、TP347HFG和SUPER304H),且提升优化材料的整体抗高温力学性能,并根据《锅炉强度计算标准应用手册》(增订版本)对上述4种材料进行强度校核以确定三级过热器不同部位的材料种类、管子外径和管壁厚度。如图2所示。

    Figure 2.  Tube materials of the tertiary superheater before and after the modification

    珠海电厂1号锅炉三级过热器采用大三通结构的引入引出方式,如图3所示。采用该引入引出方式,过热蒸汽在集箱中的流速相对较低,集箱内流体静压变化以及由此引起的各片屏的流量偏差减小。在此基础上,为了进一步减小集箱效应导致的流量偏差,对进、出口集箱的尺寸进行优化,具体措施为:增大进、出口集箱直径。采用该方法,集箱中的工质流速进一步降低,沿集箱轴向的静压不均匀性减小,从而使得进入各片屏的流量接近一致,实现减小流量偏差的目的,优化后集箱尺寸和优化前集箱尺寸如表4所示。

    Figure 3.  Geometry model of the tertiary superheater

    项目外径×壁厚内径
    优化前进口集箱规格ϕ368.3×55258.3 mm10.169 inch
    优化前出口集箱规格ϕ381×49.5282 mm11.102 inch
    优化后进口集箱规格ϕ457×70317 mm12.480 inch
    优化后出口集箱规格ϕ508×65378 mm14.882 inch

    Table 4.  Header sizes before and after the modification

  • 三级过热器改造后集箱流量偏差计算结果如表4所示,通过增大进、出口集箱尺寸,流量偏差由10.60%减小到2.24%,这对于减小受热面的热偏差具有非常重要的意义。尺寸较大的分配联箱和汇流联箱截面增强了流动的均匀性,减小了集箱中的工质流速,减小了沿集箱轴向的静压不均匀性,进而减小集箱效应产生的流量偏差,从而使得进入各片屏的流量接近一致,管屏局部超温情况得到改善。

  • 因集箱效应导致的流量偏差大幅度减小,进入各屏的流量接近一致,改造后三级过热器沿炉膛宽度方向上管屏两侧和中间壁温偏差值降低,最大偏差约40 ℃,局部超温现象大大减少,如图4所示。

    Figure 4.  The average metal temperature distribution curve of the tertiary superheater tubes before and after the modification

  • 珠海发电厂1号锅炉三级过热器爆管频发,流量偏差大,部分管材寿命不足,经国产化改造后各项指标得到大幅度改善。

    1)增大了进、出口集箱尺寸,减小了集箱中的工质流速及沿集箱轴向的静压不均匀性,进而减小集箱效应产生的流量偏差,流量偏差由原来的10.60%减小到2.24%。

    2)重新选用优质受热面材质,本改造方案将使用的主要材料种类由5种减少到4种,规格由23种减少到12种,减少了采购和维护成本。

    3)三级过热器受热面爆管频发,主要是与受热面工质流量偏差大、受热面材料等级偏低和服役年限长等因素导致。

    4)珠海电厂1号锅炉三级过热器国产化改造后,沿炉膛宽度方向上仍有一定的热量偏差,要特别注意炉内燃烧状况,改善炉膛出口烟气偏差,减轻残余旋转。建议后续对锅炉进行燃烧调整试验,改善炉内空气动力场,减轻偏烧现象,改善炉膛出口两侧烟温偏差。

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